Clocks Across the Phylogenetic Tree, from Single Cell to Humans

The field of chronobiology is a rich area that encompasses single cell organisms all the way to humans. The concept of chronobiology is simplified by the Eskinogram, where an input changes the phase of an oscillator and leads to changes in the output. This happens in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. In a way, circadian rhythms may have been the earliest brain, where environmental input is interpreted by the brain and then leads to an action. The inputs to the clock are the simple, light and temperature, to the complex, social interactions. The oscillators are varied molecular machines that have transcription, translation and posttranslational modifications. The outputs control all aspects of the organisms’ physiology and behavior.

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